Yadda Aka Kera Jirgin Ruwan "Titanic"

Shahara

Cikin shekarar 1997 ne kamfanin shirya fina-finai na 20^th Century Fox da ke Amurka, ta hadin kai da wasu kamfanoni ‘yan uwansa suka fitar da wani fim mai suna “Titanic”, wanda ya samu shahara fiye da sauran fina-finan da aka fitar cikin shekarar. Wannan fim na “Titanic”, wanda shahararrun ‘yan wasa irinsu Leonardo DiCaprio, da Kate Winslet suka fito a ciki, yayi suna musamman a tsakanin matasa masu sha’awar jigon soyayya a cikin fina-finai. Wannan a bayyane yake. Ba ma a kasashen Turai da Amurka inda aka shirya fim fin kadai ba, hatta a nan gida Nijeriya wannan fim ya samu shahara sanadiyyar wannan jigo na soyayya da aka tsofa cikin fim din; inda jarumi Leonardo DiCaprio, da kuma jaruma Kate Winslet suka narke cikin kogin soyayya. Bayan haka, editan fim din shi ma wani sananne ne wajen sana’ar, watau David Cameron. A takaice dai, an sayar da kwafen fim din na gundarin kudi da kimarsa ta kai dalar Amurka sama da biliyan daya da dubu dari takwas. Kuma har zuwa yau, shi ne fim da aka kashe kudi wajen yinsa fiye da kowane fim a duniya.

Sai dai kuma, sabanin wannan jigo na soyayya da ke cikin wannan fim, wani abin da ya fi kama hankalin wasu cikin masu kallo – musamman masana Kimiyyar Kere-kere - shi ne tarihin da ke tattare da wannan jirgin da dukkan wannan lamari ya faru a cikinsa. Da farko dai, wannan lamari ya faru ne cikin shekarar 1912, a cikin wani tafkeken jirgin ruwa mai suna RMS Titanic da kamfanin White Star Line na kasar Ailand (Ireland) ya kera tsakanin shekarar 1909 zuwa 1912. Sanadiyyar girma da kayan alatun da ke cikin wannan jirgin ruwa, da kuma cewa babu wani jirgin ruwan fasinja mafi girma kamarsa a lokacin, ta sa aka shirya wannan shiri, daidai lokacin da wannan lamari na hadarin jirgin yake cika shekara 85 (1912 – 1997). A halin yanzu akwai buraguzan wannan jirgi na RMS Titanic a karkashin teku, kuma masana kan ilimin karkashin kasa da teku sun yi hasashen cewa nan da shekaru hamsin masu zuwa buraguzan za su dangana da gundarin kasan tekun baki daya, watau Ocean Floor. A yau in Allah Ya so za mu dubi yadda aka kera wannan jirgin ruwa, da wadanda suka zana shi, da kuma yadda aka yi wannan lamari ya faru.

Asali

Kamfanin kera jiragen ruwa mai suna White Star Line da Harland & Wolff da ke kasar Ailand ne suka kera wannan tafkeken jirgin ruwan fasinja mai suna RMS Titanic. Sun yi wannan aiki ne a filin kera jiragen ruwa da suke da shi a birnin Belfast na kasar Ailand din. Kuma hakan ya faro ne cikin shekarar 1909. Kafin wannan shekara, wannan kamfani na White Star Line ya fara kera wasu jirage masu girma wadanda ya sanya wa suna Olympic, sannan ya yi kudurin kera wasu manya na musamman, masu dauke da kayan alatu na kasaita, wadanda kuma babu kamarsu a wancan zamani – wajen girma, da kayan alatu, da fasahar kere-kere da kuma tsarin sadarwa. Asalin sunan da wannan kamfani yayi niyyar baiwa wannan jirgi na Titanic dai shi ne “Gigantic”; ma’anarsu daya ne da “Titanic”. Wannan jirgi na Titanic dai an kera shi ne da mafi kwarewar kwarewa na zamanin, ta amfani da kwararrun injiniyoyin lokacin, da kuma mafi kwarewar fasahar kere-kere na lokacin. Bayan dukkan wannan, shi ne jirgin da ya fi girma a lokacin; domin bayan mutum dubu uku da dari biyar da arba’in da bakwai (3,547) da yake iya dauka, har wa yau yana iya daukan jirgin sama nau’in Airbus 380 guda daya, da manyan motoci nau’in bas, da kuma kanana. A takaice dai, wannan jirgi na iya daukan kaya da mutanen da nauyinsu ya kai tan 46,328. Kamfanin J.P.Morgan da International Mercantile Marine Company ne suka dauki nauyin kera jirgin. Su suka bayar da kudade da kuma kayan aikin da ake bukata wajen kerawa.

Inijiniyoyi

Jirgin ruwan Titanic ya samu albarkar manya da kuma shahararrun injiniyoyin fasaha da kere-kere na wancan zamani. Akwai mutum uku da suka dauki nauyin zana tsari da kira da kuma yanayin rayuwar wannan jirgi. Na farko shi ne Lord Pirrie, wanda Darakta ne a kamfanin Harland Wolff da White Star Line. Sai wani kwararren mai zanen jiragen ruwa mai suna Architect Thomas Andrews, wanda shi ne manajan kere-kere na kamfanin, watau Construction Manager kenan. Sai na ukunsu, watau Alexander Carlisle, watau babban manajan ma’aikatan kera jirgin ne baki daya (Shipyard General Manager).

Tsarin Kira

Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a sama, asalin sunan da aka so baiwa wannan jirgin ruwa da farko dai shi ne “Gigantic”, to amma daga baya sai kamfanin White Star Line ya canza wannan suna saboda wasu dalilai. An fara kera jirgin ne a shekarar 1909. Cikin shekarar 1911 ne kuma aka gina mazauninsa, watau kwarangwal din da gaba dayan jikinsa ke zaune a kai. Wannan shi ake kira “Hull” a turancin kere-keren jirgin ruwa. Sauran gangar jikin jirgin, da kayan alatun makale-makalen cikinsa kuma an gama su ne a ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekarar 1912. Wannan jirgi na Titanic yana da tsawon kamu 882 ne da inci 9, kuma zai iya daukan kayan da nauyinsa ya kai tan 46,328. Akwai injina manya wadanda ruwan zafi ke sarrafa su (watau Steam Engines) tafka-tafka guda hudu. Akwai bututun salansa masu fitar da hayakin injin guda uku, da kuma guda daya mai samar da iska ga jirgin. Dukkan wadannan bututu kowannensu ya kai tsawon kamu 62. A kasan jirgin kuma akwai wasu bututun amayar da ruwa guda takwas da aka tanade su, wadanda kuma aka kiyasta cewa suna iya amayar da ruwa daga cikin jirgin (idan matsala ta kama) sama da galan 420,000 cikin awa guda. Aikinsu shi ne amayar da dukkan wani ruwa da ya shigo cikin jirgin daga kasa.

Kyale-kyale da Kayan Sadarwa

Wannan jirgi na dauke da kayayyakin alatu fiye da tunanin mai karatu. Wadannan kayayyakin alatu kuwa, har a yanzu ana ji da su wajen kyau da tsada. Da farko dai akwai bangori guda uku da jirgin ke dauke da su. Akwai bangaren masu hannu da shuni, watau First Class kenan. Wannan bangare na dauke ne da wurin wanka na kasaita, watau Swimming Pool, da wurin motsa jiki, watau Gymnasium, da bangaren buga kwallon bango, watau Squash, da bangaren wanka na kasaita irin na mutanen kasar Turkiyya da ake ji da su a wancan lokaci, watau Turkish Bath, da bangaren wankan ruwan zafi na wutan lantarki, watau Electric Bath, da bangaren shagunan aski, watau Barber Shops, da bangaren bukkar shan shayi da sauran shaye-shaye kusa da gabar ruwa, watau Veranda Café, sai kuma dakin karatu ga duk mai bukata. Bayan haka, akwai bangaren da ke biye da na farko, watau Second Class kenan. Da kuma matsayin karshe ko na kasa, watau Third Class, kamar dai yadda muke da su a jiragen sama a yau.

Bayan wadannan bangarori, wannan tafkeken jirgin ruwa na RMS Titanic dai yana da babban janareto mai bayar da wutar lantarki guda daya, wanda ke amfani da tsarin bayar da wutar lantarki da ruwan zafi, watau Steam Engine. Mizaninsa ya kai wat dubu daya da dari biyar (1,500 watts). Sannan akwai injinan lifta guda uku masu daukan mutane daga dakunansu ko barandar da suke, zuwa hawa na sama ko can saman jirgin don su shakata. Wadannan injinan lifta duk suna amfani ne da wutar lantarki daga wannan janareto da bayaninsa ya gabata. Sannan akwai babbar masarrafar sadarwar rediyo mai amfani da tsarin sadarwa ta wayar-iska irin na wancan zamani, watau Marconi Radio. Wannan babbar cibiya ce da ke sadar da kira a tsakanin dukkan wadanda ke cikin jirgin, da masu tuka jirgin, da masu kula da jirgin, da kuma fasinjojin jirgin. Har wa yau, sadarwar bata takaitu garesu kadai ba, wannan cibiya ta rediyo na iya daukan murya zuwa sauran kasashen da ke makwabtaka da jirgin, ko wani jirgin da ke gab da su, ko kuma kasar da suka baro a baya. Cibiyar na amfani ne da fasahar sadar da bayanai na rediyo nau’in Spark-Gap Transmitter. An kuma gama kera wannan jirgi ne a ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekarar 1912, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata.

Gwaji

Bayan an gama kera wannan jirgi, kamfanin White Star Line ya yi kokarin gwada tafiya da wannan jirgi a cikin teku don ganin yadda abubuwa za su kasance, kafin a sanya ranar wannan bulaguro mai dimbin tarihi da ba a ga karshenta ba. Wannan gwaji kuwa an yi shi ne kwananki goma kafin tafiyar, watau ranar 1 ga watan Afrailun shekarar 1912. Ba a dauki fasinja ko daya a ciki ba, daga masu lura da jirgin sai ma’aikatanta kawai. Akwai ma’aikata guda 78 da aka dauka, tsakanin masu kara wa injin makamashin kol (Stokers), da masu sanya man giris (Greasers), da kuma ‘yan kwana-kwana, watau Firefighters. Bayan wadannan ma’aikata, akwai matuka jirgi guda 41 da suka shigo, sannan da wasu mutane biyu wadanda suke lura da cibiyar sadarwar rediyo, watau Merconi Radio. Wadannan mutane dai su ne Jack Phillips, da kuma Harold Bride. Bayan an yi gwaji babu wata matsala, daga nan aka fara shirye-shiryen tafiya, wacce a karshe aka kasa isa garin da za a je.

Tafiyar Farko, Kuma ta Karshe

Ranar 10 ga watan Afrailu ne dai jirgin RMS Titanic ya tashi daga babbar tashar jirgin ruwan birnin Southampton na kasar Ingila, zuwa birnin New York da ke kasar Amurka. Da ya dauko hanya sai yayi zango a tashar jirgin ruwa na Cherbourg da ke kasar Faransa, inda ya kara daukan wasu fasinjoji. Bayan wannan tasha, ya sake dakatawa a tashar Queens Town ta kasar Ailand, nan ma ya kara wasu fasinjojin. Duk da cewa ba kai tsaye ya dauki mutane a wannan tasha ba, saboda nauyin jirgin da girmansa sun sha karfin gabar tekun. Don haka da yazo daidai tashar, sai aka saukar da kananan kwale-kwale, aka kwaso fasinjojin da suke son tafiya. Daga wannan tasha ta Queens Town, jirgin bai kara dakatawa a kowace tasha ba. Sai tafiya babu kama hannun yaro. A wannan lokaci jirgin ya dauki mutane 2,227 ne; tsakanin matuka jirgin, da ma’aikata, da injiniyoyi da kuma fasinjoji. Shugaban matuka jirgin gaba daya shi ne Captain Edward J. Smith. Bayan haka, akwai babban daraktan kamfanin White Star Line a cikin tafiyar, watau J. Bruce Ismay, sai kuma wanda ya shugabanci kera jirgin baki daya, watau Thomas Andrews. Daga cikin fasinjojin da ke cikin wannan jirgi, akwai ‘yan kasuwa, da shahararrun ma’aikatan banki, da kuma kasaitattun masu kudin kasar Ingila da Amurka da kasar Ailand. Kudin fasinjan da ke matakin farko, watau First Class, shi ne dala 4,350 ($4,350), wanda aka kiyasta kimarsa da kimar dala a shekarar 2008 ya kai dala 95,860 ($95,860). Idan muka juya kimar wannan kudi a nairan Nijeriya a yau, ya kai naira miliyan goma sha hudu da dubu dari uku da saba’in da tara (=N=14,379,000).

Bayan ya kwashe kwanaki hudu yana tafiya dare da rana safe da yamma, a daren kwana na biyar ne Captain Edwards ya fara samun sakonni daga rediyo cewa akwai curin tsaunin kankara a gabansu, watau Iceberg. Amma sai bai damu ba. Ana cikin tafiya, sai ma’aikatan da aka wakilta su rika lura da tafarkin da jirgin ke bi, watau Lookouts, suka hango wannan tarin kankara a gabansu. Nan take suka sanar da masu lura da cibiyar sadarwa, inda su kuma suka fara watsa sakonni kan wannan lamari. Captain Edwards na jin haka, sai ya bayar da umarnin cewa a rage tafiya, sannan a juya akala zuwa bangaren hagu. To amma wannan bayani bai zo da wuri ba. Kafin su gama juya akala, nan take wannan tsaunin kankara ya gurji mazaunin jirgin daga kasa, wata Hull kenan. Hakan ne ya sabular da karafan da ke rike da mazunin jikin jirgin, inda ruwa ya fara shiga nan take babu kakkautawa. Lokacin da Captain Edwards ya ga haka, sai ya sa aka fara rufe farfajiyar kasan jirgin, watau wurin da aka tanada don zuba kayayyaki kenan. Amma saboda tasiri da karfin wannan ruwa da ya fara shigowa, kafin a rufe sauran, guda hudu daga cikinsu sun fara cikewa da ruwa. Wadancan bututu guda takwas da aka tanada don amayar da ruwa sai suka fara aikinsu, inda suka ta amayar da ruwan zuwa waje, ta baya. Sai dai kuma kash, saboda girman jirgin, da kuma yawan ruwan da ke tudadowa daga gaba inda aka samu huji, wadannan bututun amayar da ruwa sun kasa amayar da ruwan cikin lokaci guda. Nan take kasan jirgi ya fara cikewa, sai cikin dakunan mutane, sai hawa na sama. Ana cikin haka sai jirgi ya fara nutsewa ta baya, saboda tasirin ruwan da ke makare a kasansa. Wannan tasa sai kan jirgin ya daga sama, inda a karshe ya tsage ko ya karye a tsakiya; bangaren bayan yayi kasa cikin teku, kan kuma ya zauna a sama.

Kafin lamarin ya kazamce haka, nan take sun fara aikawa da sakonnin neman agaji. Ana cikin haka sai ga wasu jirage suka kawo dauki. To amma saboda kananan kwale-kwalen ceto (watau Lifeboats) da jirgin ya ke dauke dasu basu kai yawan mutanen da ke cikin jirgin ba, haka wasu suka nutse cikin ruwa, suka mace. Wasu kuma aka ceto su da kyar. Bayan an gama tsamo wadanda suka mutu da masu rai, a karshe dai mutun 1,517 ne suka mutu. Hakan ya faru ne a daren 15 ga watan Afrailu, 1912. Wannan shi ne mafi munin hadarin jirgin ruwa da aka yi a shekarar, kuma yana cikin hadarurrukan da aka yi da suka haddasa sauye-sauye a dokokin tafiyar da jiragen ruwa na duniya, watau International Maritime Laws.

Dalilai

A karshe dai, hukumomi sun sa an gunadar da bincike kan dalilan da suka haddasa wannan hadari. Da farko dai, sabanin yadda wasu ke riyawa cewa wai kamfanin da ya kera wannan jirgi yayi alfahari cewa babu abin da zai iya tarwatsawa ko lahanta wannan jirgi saboda kwarewar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen ginawa, wannan karya ne. Kawai surutai ne na mutane, da kuma hasashe irin na kwakwalwarsu. Daga cikin dalilan da aka ta cewa sun haddasa wannan hadari dai akwai yawan gudu. Wannan shi ne sakamakon da gungun masu bincike da kasar Ingila ta kafa ya tabbatar. Cewa jirgin na gudu ne fiye da kima, don haka ya samu matsala wajen juyawa a lokacin da aka hango wancan tsauni na kankara. Wasu masu binciken kuma suka ce ruhin jirgin ne ke da matsala, watau Rudder kenan a turance. Shi wannan ruhi dai shi ne mai nuna wa jirgin ruwa inda za ta dosa; kamar dai kwakwalwarta kenan. Don haka a lokacin da aka hango wannan tsauni na kankara, jirgin ya kasa juyawa ne yadda ya kamata saboda ba a kera wannan ruhi da irin ka’idojin da suka kamata ba a yau. Wasu kuma a karshe suka ce babban dalili shi ne karafan da aka yi amfani dasu wajen gina mazaunin jirgin, watau Hull kenan, ba su da kauri sosai. In kuwa ba haka ba, ba abin da zai sa wannan tsauni na kanka ya iya bangale karafan da ke jikinsa. Sabanin yadda aka zata da farko cewa wannan tsaunin kankara ya huda jikin jirgin ne, masu wannan ra’ayi sun gudanar da bincike na musamman, inda a karshe suka nuna cewa kwabe karafunan da ke jikin mazaunin jirgin ne yayi, daga nan kuma ruwa ya samu hanyar shiga.

Ko ma dai mene ne, wanann jirgi na RMS Titanic ya kwanta dama, duk da kwarewa, da kayan alatu, da kuma girman da yake da shi. Shi ne jirgin ruwa mafi girma da aka kera shi, mai tsad