Ma'anonin Kalmomi a Warware
Fannin bincike kan yadda ake samun bambance-bambancen dabi'a da
siffofin halitta yana da fadi matuka.
Don haka dole ne mu shata wa kanmu inda za mu faro da inda za mu tsaya,
musamman ganin cewa wannan ita ce kasidar farko. Akwai kalmomi masu dimbin yawa da ke ishara
zuwa ga muhimman al'amuran da muke son fahimtarsu kan wannann nau'in ilmi. Amma za mu dubi shahararru daga cikinsu ne
kadai, don kada mu fadada bayani a karshe mai karatu ya bace, ya rasa inda aka
kwana balle inda za a tashi. Wannan sashen
bincike yana da muhimmanci, domin ya kunshi matakin farko ne da za su taimaka
wa mai karatu fahimtar sauran abubuwan da ke tafe. A takaice dai ma iya kiransa "Tubalin
Fahimta."
Kalmar farko ita ce: "Kwayar Halitta" wacce a harshen
turancin Malaman Kimiyya suke kira da suna "Cell". Wannan ita ce asalin rayuwa da duk wani
halitta mai rai baki daya; daga dabbobi zuwa mutane da bishiyoyi. Duk wani abu
mai rai a tare da shi, to asalinsa daga wannan kawayar halitta ne, watau
"Cell". Wannan kwayar halitta
ido ba ya iya riskanta, kuma Allah ya watsa ire-irensu da yawa a cikin jikin
dan adam, misali. Duk bayanan da za su zo
kan tsarin gadon dabi'un halitta suna dogaro ne kacokam kan wannan tubali,
watau kwayar halitta. Sai kalmar
"Cell Membrane", wato "Tantanin Kwayar Halitta" kenan na
can ciki. Wannan tantani aikinshi ne
bayar da kariya ga dukkan madaukan da ke cikin Kwayar Halitta. Kuma shi ne ganuwa na biyu daga cikin kwayar
halitta, bayan ganuwar waje mai suna "Cell Wall." Sai kalmar
"Cytoplasm", wanda a harshen Hausa na kira "Ruwan
Rayuwa." Wannan ruwa yana cikin
kwayar halitta ne, a cikin ganuwar "Tantanin Kwayar Halitta" da
bayaninsa ya gabata, kuma yana daga cikin abubuwa masu matukar mahimmanci da ke
dauke a cikin Kwayar Halitta baki daya.
Wasu malaman musulunci masu kokarin fahimtar tsarin halitta ta nassoshin
Kur'ani ma suna ganin wannan ruwa ne Allah ke ishara zuwa gare shi, da ya ce ya
halicci kowace dabba ne daga ruwa.
Bayan "Ruwan Rayuwa" (Cytoplasm), sai abu mai mahimmanci
na gaba, wato "Asalin Sinadarin Halitta" wanda a harshen Turanci ake
kira "Nucleus".
"Nucleus" yana cikin
harabar tantanin kwayar halitta ne shi ma, kuma shi ne jigo a fannin binciken
sanin tsarin gadon dabi'u da siffofin halitta a kimiyyance. Domin shi ne yake dauke da dukkan abubuwan da
bincikenmu ke dogaro a kansu wajen sanin tsarin gadon dabi'un halitta. A cikin wannan "Asalin Sinadarin
Halitta" (Nucleus) ne ake samun "Chromosome", wato
"Ma'adanar Bayanan Dabi'ar Halitta".
Kowace kwayar halitta na dauke da tagwayen "Ma'adanar Bayanan
Dabi'ar Halitta" guda 23 ne. Wannan
ke nuna cewa a cikin kowanne, za a samu guda 46 kenan (23 x 2 = 46). Dukkan wadannan ma'adanar bayanan dabi'ar
halitta iri daya ne, a jikin mutum daya, duk da yake kowane dan adam na shi sun
sha bamban da na waninsa. Kowane dayan
tagwayen "Ma'adanar Bayanan Dabi'a" kuma yana dauke ne da zaren
"Madarar Bayanan Dabi'ar Halitta" da ake kira "Deoxyribonucleic
Acid" ko "DNA" a takaice.
Wannan zare a siffar sarka yake, mai harde da juna. Kuma a jikin layin
wannan sakakken zare ne ake da "Kwayoyin Dabi'ar Halittar" kowane dan
adam. Wadannan kwayoyin dabi'un halitta
su ake kira "Genes". Kowane
dan adam yana kebantuwa ne da kwayoyin dabi'un halitta daban da suka sha bamban
da na wani, wadanda ya gado su daga wajen iyayensa ko kakanninsa ko kakannin
kakanninsa, har dai abin ya kai ga Annabi Adamu da Hauwa'u, amincin Allah ya
tabbata a gare su.
Sai kalmar "Allele", wato "Dabi'ar Halitta ta
Musamman." Misali, daga cikin
dabi'ar halitta akwai tsawo, da gajarta, da saurin fushi, da fara'a, da sanyin
zuciya, da zafin rai da sai sauransu.
Wadannan dukkansu "Dabi'un halitta ne na musamman," wato
"Allele. Sai kalmar
"Trait", wato "Kebantacciyar Dabi'ar Halitta" wajen rinjaye
ko rauni ake nufi. Idan mutum yana da
wata dabi'a ta halitta mai rinjaye, wacce ke bayyana a jikin 'ya'yansa, wannan
ita ake kira "Dominant Trait", wato "Dabi'a Mai Rinjaye." Idan kuma dabi'ar halittarsa ba ta iya
bayyana a fili, saboda rinjayar da dabi'ar halittar matarsa ko na mahaifinsa
suka yi a kan nashi, sai a kira wannan da suna "Recessive Trait",
wato "Dabi'a Nakasasshiya" kenan.
Sai kalmar "Genotype" wato "Nau'in dabi'ar halitta"
na wani mutum da ake iya gane shi da shi. Kowane dan adam idan aka gudanar da
gwajin dabi'ar halitta (DNA test) daga kwayoyin halittarsa za a samu yana da
kebantacciyar dabi'a ta musamman wanda babu mai irinta, kuma duk wanda ya
dangance shi daga cikin 'ya'yansa, za a iya gane dangantakarsu ta wannan hanya.
Wannan shi ne kokarin da Gwamnatin Jigar Legas take ta yi a halin yanzu kan
gawawwakin wadanda suka rasa rayukansu a hadarin jirgin Dana Air da ya
auku makon jiya. Ana amfani da wannan hanya ne wajen kokarin gane waye wane?
Kuma wa ke da alaka da wane? Wadannan al'amura ne da ke boye cikin kwayoyin
halittar dan adam, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata. Sai kalmar "Genetic Code," wato
"Tambarin Dabi'ar Halitta."
Jerin haruffa ne da ke wakilatar bayanan dabi'un halittar kowane dan
adam, wadanda ke da alhakin haifar da gadon dabi'a daga maihaifi a misali, zuwa
kan 'ya'ya ko jikokinsa.
Kalma ta gaba ita ce kalmar "Phenotype", wato
"Nau'in Dabi'ar Halitta na Zahiri."
Kamar yadda ake amfani da "Genotype" don gano alaka da
dangantaka ta hanyar kwayoyin dabi'ar halitta da ke boye a kwayar halittar
jikin mutum, to, haka tsarin "Phenotype" yake wajen gano dangantakar
halitta, amma na zahiri; tsawo ne, gajarta ne, fadi ne, sirantaka ne, fari ne,
baki ne, da dai sauransu. A takaice dai,
"Phenotype" shi ne "Nau'in Dabi'ar Halitta na Zahiri" da
ake iya gani. Domin akwai dalilai guda
biyu da ke haddasa tsarin gadon dabi'un halitta a tsakanin halittu. Dalilin farko shi ne bambance-bambancen da ke
tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, wato "Cell" kenan, kamar yadda bayani ya
gabata a sama. Dalili na biyu kuma shi ne tasirin mahallin da halittu ke zama a
cikinsa ko a harabarsa, wajen sauya
dabi'ar halitta daga wanda ake gado zuwa mai gado.
Kalma ta gaba ita ce "Gene Mutation," wato "Canjin
Dabi'ar Halitta." Wannan kan faru
ne idan aka samu kari ko ragi ko jirkicewar yanayin dabi'un halitta, daga cikin
kwayoyin halittar mutum. Misali, mutum
na iya rayuwa shekaru goman farkon rayuwar aurensa yana haifan 'ya'ya masu kama
iri daya na dabi'ar halitta, sai a gaba ya samu wasu 'ya'ya masu bambancin
dabi'ar halitta daban da wacce 'ya'yansa na farko suke da ita, sanadiyyar
wancan dalili. Idan haka ta faru, to, an
samu "Sauyin Dabi'ar Halitta" kenan daga kwayoyin halittar da ke
jikinsa ko na matarsa. Wannan shi ake kira "Gene Mutation." Kalma ta gaba ita ce "Genetic
Disorder," wacce ke nufin "Tangardar Dabi'ar Halitta." Wannan tangarda na haifar da cuta ne na
musamman, misali kamar su cutar sankara da sauransu, kuma hakan na faruwa ne sanadiyyar
canji ko sauyin dabi'un halitta da ke cikin kwayoyin halittar Uba ko Uwa, mai
dauke da dabi'ar halitta mafi rinjaye, wato "Recessive Trait." Wasu cututtukan kan samu ne ta hanyar gado
daga Uba ko Uwa masu dauke da cutar, wasu kuma kan samu ne sanadiyyar "Canjin
Dabi'ar Halitta" (Gene Mutation) da ya faru daga baya, a kwayoyin halittar
mai gadar da dabi'ar.
Kalma ta gaba ita ce "Gene Therapy," wato "Magance
Tangardar Halitta." Ana kuma yin
hakan ne ta hanyar maye gurbin dabi'un halittar da suka lalace ko masu haddasa
tangarda ta hanyar gadar wa 'ya'ya cututtuka na musamman, da wasu dabi'un
halitta (Genes) masu kyau, wadanda suke lafiyayyu. Fannin "Gene Therapy" ne ke magance
matsalolin "Genetic Disorder", wato "Tangardar Dabi'ar Halitta." Sai kalma ta gaba, wato
"Heredity." Abin da wannan
kalma ke nufi shi ne, tsarin "Gadon Dabi'un Halitta" daga mai gadarwa
(Uba ko Uwa) zuwa mai gado ('Ya'ya ko Jikoki). Wadannan dabi'un halitta dai sun
hada da launin fatan jiki, da launin idanu, da launin gashin kai, da dai
sauransu. A wasu lokuta a kan yi amfani
da kalmar "Inheritance" a maimakon "Heredity." Duk ma'anarsu daya ne a wannan fanni. Sai
kalmar "Genetics", wadda ke nufin "Ilmin Gadon Dabi'un
Halitta." Wannan shi ne sunan da
wannan fanni ke tutiya da shi. Suna ne
gamamme. Sai kalma ta karshe, mai suna
"Genetic Engineering," wato "Fannin Kwaskwariman Dabi'ar
Halitta" ta hanyar kimiyya da fasahar sadarwar zamani. Wannan fanni ne mai hadari, kuma nan gaba
bayanai za su zo kan muhawarar masana kimiyya, da masana al'adu, da masana
tarihi, da Malaman addini, kan dacewa ko rashin dacewar wannan tsari na
kwaskwariman dabi'ar halittar dan adam, musamman.
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